列举省略的经典语录
佛教经典分为经、律、论三藏，即佛陀金口所说的语录称之为“经”，佛陀所制定的戒条为“律”，佛弟子们为阐释佛法而着作的经典是为“论”。这就是说，惟有佛祖亲口所说教义，才能被尊为经;非佛所说，则为伪经。
可是，也有一个例外，一个目不识丁的人，他所讲述的语录，却被尊称为“经”，而且千百年来毫无异议——这就是慧能的《六祖坛经》。
《坛经》是慧能多次说法的综合结集，也是他一生重要活动的记录，因此，集中展现了他的佛学思想。它的问世，是中国佛教发展史上的一个里程碑，是一个全新时代开创的标志——从此，宣告了中国禅宗的正式形成，宣告了佛教中国化的初步完成。正如汤用彤先生指出的那样：“此经影响巨大，实于达摩禅学有重大发展，为中华佛学之创造也”。
的确，作为禅宗的宗经，作为指导禅僧修行的理论纲钡，《坛经》对于禅宗的迅猛发展、快速传播，使其一跃成为汉传佛教最大的宗派，乃至佛教的主流，其作用不可估量。而且，一千多年来，它早已超出了佛教范畴，对中国文化、整个东方文化产生了巨大影响。
正因为如此，在一千多年的流通过程中，《坛经》的版本流变出了将近三十种。内容也发生了较大变化。本文力图从这两个方面作一些探讨。
坛经的版本
《坛经》问世以来，随着禅宗的兴旺发展，五大流派相继建立，天下僧衲尽归其宗，十个和尚九个习禅，各种版本的《坛经》也传遍了全国。尽管版本众多，题目花样翻新，但据印顺等专家学者考证，它们所依据的基本上是四种版本：敦煌本，惠昕本，契嵩本，宗宝本。
(1)敦煌本
敦煌本《坛经》，是在敦煌发现的一种《坛经》的版本，约为12000字。因系手抄本，故也称作“敦煌写本”。敦煌写本是两种抄本，一种是英国人探险家斯坦因早年从敦煌盗运出去的大批中国古代珍贵文献之一，1922年，日本学者矢吹庆辉在大英博物馆所藏的敦煌遗书中发现了它，并翻拍成照片。中国最早利用这一发现进行研究的，是胡适先生。另一种是敦煌当地文化名流任子宜于1935年在敦煌千佛山之上寺发现的，其抄写字迹工整，错漏较少，系敦煌写本中的精品。后不知所踪。上世纪八十年代，周绍良先生等人在敦煌县博物馆重新看到了这个馆藏号为077的抄本，并拍成了照片。周先生经过整理校勘，以《敦煌写本坛经原本》为名，1997年由文物出版社出版。通过内文对比，可以确认这两种抄本源自同一种版本。
(2)惠昕本
惠昕本又称宋本，此本经名在所有版本中最为简洁：《六祖坛经》。它的改编者是晚唐僧人惠昕，故有“惠昕本”之称。它的编写时间约为宋太宗乾德五年(967)，最早的刻本为北宋时期，所以也称“宋本”。
此本前有惠昕的《六祖坛经序》一文，其序云：“故我六祖大师广为学徒，直说见性法门，总令自悟成佛，目曰《坛经》，流传后学。古本文繁，披览之徒，初忻后厌。余以太岁丁卯，月在蕤宾，二十三日辛亥，于思迎塔院，分为两卷，凡十一门，贵接后来，同见佛性者。”
惠昕编写的两卷本《坛经》，大约14000字，早已在中国失传。我们现在看到的版本，是南宋高宗绍兴二十三年(公元1153)，由晁子健在湖北蕲春刊行的，后来传到了日本，由日本学者在兴圣寺发现的。其序下题有一行字：“宋依真小师邕州罗秀山惠进禅院沙门惠昕”，因此认定，这就是惠昕所改编的版本，故又有“兴圣寺本”之称。
(3)契嵩本
契嵩本书名为《六祖大师法宝坛经曹溪原本》，故又称曹溪原本。据《普慧大藏经》记载，该版本是宋代名僧契嵩于宋致和年间(约公元1055-1056)改编的，有一卷、十品、两万一千多字。其大梵寺说法部分与敦煌本、惠昕本大致相同，但其他部分字数大大增加了。这种版本的最早是北宋仁宗至和三年(公元1056)刊行的。宋吏部侍郎郎简所撰《六祖法宝记叙》一文称：
“达磨赉衣钵，航海而来，……以其法传慧可，可传僧璨，璨传道信，信传弘忍，忍传慧能，而复出神秀。能于达磨，在中国为六世。故天下谓之《六祖法宝记》，盖六祖之所说其法也。……然六祖之说，余素敬之。患其为俗所增损，而文字鄙俚繁杂，殆不可考。会沙门契嵩作《坛经赞》。因谓嵩师曰：若能正之，吾为出财模印以广其传。更二载，嵩果得曹溪古本，校之勒成三卷。璨然皆六祖之言，不复谬妄。乃命工镂板，以集其胜事。”
然而，这种三卷的契嵩本今已难得一见。所幸的是，元代至元二十七年(1290年)，禅僧德异在吴中刊行了一种《坛经》，他在序文说：
“坛经为后人节略太多，不见六祖大全之旨。德异幼年，尝见古本。自后遍求三十余载，近得能上人寻到古本，遂刊于吴中休休禅庵。……至元二十七年庚寅岁中春月叙。”
据学者研究考证，德异幼年所见到的、后来刊行所依据的古本，就是契嵩的编纂本。但是，经文已不是三卷，而是一卷十门，21000字，史称“德异本”。这个版本在日本发现了元延枯三年(1316年)的刻本，称为“元枯本”，是经高丽而传人的。德异本翻刻本极多，明末高僧憨山大师重刻的曹溪原本，也就是这种本子。
(4)宗宝本
宗宝本又称流通本，即元朝僧人宗宝于至元二十八年(1291)的改编本，题为《六祖大师法宝坛经》。此本经文后有宗宝作于公元1291年的跋文：
“六祖大师平昔所说之法，皆大乘圆顿之旨，故目之曰经。……余初入道，在感于斯，续见三本不同，互有得失，其板亦已漫灭。因取其本校雠，讹者正之，略者详之，复增入弟子请益机缘。庶几学者得尽曹溪之旨。按察使云公从龙，深造此道。一日过山房，睹余所编，谓得《坛经》之大全，慨然命工锓梓，颛为流通，使曹溪一派不至断绝。……至元辛卯夏南海释宗宝跋。”
经宗宝集成的《坛经》，在四个版本中篇幅最长，达到了24000多字。这也是流传最广的版本，普遍收录于明版诸本大藏经中，所以也称“流通本”。
那么，这四个版本是什么关系呢?
有人说，“在坛经各本当中，敦煌本为最古，它是后来各本《坛经》的基础”(宇井伯寿《坛经考》)。胡适先生在《神会和尚遗集》中说：“敦煌写本《坛经》是《坛经)最古之本。”周绍良先生更干脆，在《敦煌写本坛经原本)整理说明及考定中指出：“敦煌所发现的本子，正是法海集记的原本……是唯一的‘原本’，在惠昕整理《坛经》之前，再没有其他原本，这是可以肯定的。”
情况果然如此吗?
在敦煌本《坛经》之中，我们发现了这样的经文：“……吾灭后二十余年，邪法缭乱，惑我宗旨。有人出来，不惜身命，定佛教是非，竖立宗旨，即是吾正法。”
这段经文是在暗示，慧能圆寂二十年之后，弟子神会携法北上，在河南滑台(今滑县)大云寺召开无遮大会，树立起南宗宗旨的事实。很显然，这是神会一派的禅僧后来所添加的内容。因为神会在滑台开无遮大会是在唐开元二十年(公元732年)。
我们再看敦煌本的标题：
《南宗顿教最上大乘摩诃般若波罗蜜经六祖慧能大师于韶州大梵寺施法坛经》
这里值得注意的是“南宗”两个字。
人们习惯地将慧能与神秀的禅法分别称之为“南能北秀、南顿北渐”，是慧能圆寂多年之后的事情，在慧能与神秀生前，压根没有“南宗”之说。在禅宗史上将慧能的禅法定名为“南宗”的提法，始于神会的《南宗定是非论》。
《传灯录》说：“天宝四年，方定两宗。”
《宋高僧传》也说：“(神会)开元八年敕配住南阳龙兴寺。续于洛阳大行禅法，声彩发挥。先是两京之间皆宗神秀，若不淰之鱼鲔附沼龙也。从见会明心，六祖之风荡其渐修之道矣。南北二宗时始判焉。”
据史料记载，神会第一次进驻洛阳，是在天宝四年，由兵部侍郎宋鼎请人东都，住持荷泽寺。
天宝四年，是为公元745年，距离慧能去世已经三十多年。由此可见，“南宗”这个名称的正式形成，最早也在此时。这一事实表明，敦煌本《坛经》成书的年代，最早也在唐天宝四年之后。而此时，连坛经的记录、整理者——法海，已经死去了十五年，他怎么可能给《坛经》冠以“南宗”的标题呢!
由此可见，敦煌本，绝对不是法海集记的《坛经》原本。因此，它也不可能是最初的《坛经》。
从法海本的内容研究，敦煌本似乎与惠昕本有着某种渊源，这两种版本在内容上有许多相近的地方。例如，敦煌本最后有这样的记载：
“此《坛经》，法海上座集。上座无常，付同学道涤，道际无常，付门人悟真。悟真在岭南曹溪法兴寺，现今传授此法。”
惠昕本也说：
“法海上座无常，以此《坛经》付嘱志道，志道付彼岸，彼岸付悟真，悟真付圆会，递代相传付嘱，一切万法不离自性中现也”。
惠昕本中涉及的志道，是慧能晚年的十大弟子之一，也是法海的同学。在这个《坛经》传授世系中，在悟真之后多了一代圆会。因此有人断定，敦煌本《坛经》是惠昕本的基础，惠昕本脱胎于敦煌本，二者是前后延续关系。
可是，惠昕本恰恰有这样的序言：
“……古本文繁，披览之徒，初忻后厌。余以太岁丁卯，月在蕤宾，二十三日辛亥，于思迎塔院，分为两卷，凡十一门，贵接后来，同见佛性者。”
据此，惠昕本的确段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次......更为糟糕的是....... Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）.......
Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出.......很显然……，但是为什么呢？
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?
（二）中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为.......
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如.......最糟糕的是.......
But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先......而且……，最重要的是……
______is necessary and important to our country"s development and construction. First，______.What"s more, _____.Most important of all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以.......
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来.......一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外.......所有这些方法肯定会.......
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是.......总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象.......
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
（三）结尾句
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.
2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来.......
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.
3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而.......然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.
5. 随着社会的发展......因此，迫切需要.......如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____.
7. 对我来说，我认为有必要.......原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是…… In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows. First _____.Second ______. Last but not least,______.
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现.......
It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view find______.
9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.
总结句
1.As far as ...is concerned 至今...被认为是...
2.It goes without saying that... 不用说...(意思是：论述的内容是显而易见的）
3.It can be said with certainty that... 3.不用说...；...是肯定的。
4.As the proverb says 4.有句谚语是这样说的...;常言道...
5.It has to be noticed that... 5.必须引起注意的是...
6.It`s generally recognized that... 6.通常认为...
7.It`s likely that 7.很可能...
8.It`s hardly that... 8.hardly表否定，...不被经常说起；我们很少谈到...
It’s hardly too much to say that... 8.hardly表否定，...不被经常说起；我们很少谈到... What calls for special attention is that... 9.需要引起特别注意的是...
There’s no denying the fact that...10.事实不容否认...
Nothing is more important than the fact that... 11.没有比这更重要的是...
what’s far more important is that...12.意思同上，更重要的是...
As time goes by,.....随着时间的流逝
There is no doubt that...毫无疑问...
As far as Im concerned, I think....就我而言，我认为...
It is said that...据说...
Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
It is ...that...强调句
It is important for sb to do sth.
there be句型
Compared with A, B is more ...与A相比，B更...
in my opinion 在我看来
It is high time that we did sth.是我们做..的时候了。
Only in this way, can wei solve this problem properly.只有这样我们才能妥善解决这个问题。 sth is so...that...如此..以至于..
not only ...,but also...不仅...而且...
To be honest To tell the truth 老实说来
too..to 太..以至于不能..
On one hand,..on the other hand,..一方面..另一方面...
英语作文万能句子道歉：
1. Thank you for your invitation. But I’ll have an English exam tomorrow. So I am very sorry that I can’t go to your home.
感想:
1. I am deeply moved.
2. I know more about the great love of mother.
3. I will learn from him.
4. I will study harder and be a person like him.
5. I will work hard so that I can make them live a happy life.
号召：
1. We should try to help others.
2. Let’s learn from …
3. We should try our best to solve the problems caused by cars.
环保：
1. Pollution is a very serious problem in the world.
2. We have only one world, so we have to think about how to protect the environment.
3. We are supposed to protect animals.
4. Let’s take good care of our environment.
英语作文万能句子一、开头句型
1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言
2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…
3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……
4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，
5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…
6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…
7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…
8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……
9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…
10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是
11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认
12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…
13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…
二、衔接句型
1.A case in point is … 一个典型的例子是…
2.As is often the case…由于通常情况下…
3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述
4.But the problem is not so simple.Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……
5.But its a pity that… 但遗憾的是…
6.For all that…对于这一切…… In spite of the fact that…尽管事实……
7.Further, we hold opinion that… 此外，我们坚持认为，…
8.However , the difficulty lies in…然而，困难在于…
9.Similarly, we should pay attention to… 同样，我们要注意…
10.not（that）…but（that）…不是，而是
11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势
12.As has been mentioned above…正如上面所提到的…
13.In this respect, we may as well （say） 从这个角度上我们可以说
14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is… 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …
三、结尾句型
1.I will conclude by saying… 最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that…因此，我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that…它可以有把握地说……
4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable…因此，在我看来，更可取的是…
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…通过数据我们得到的结论是，…
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that…从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view, it would be better if…在我看来……也许更好
四、举例句型
1.Lets take…to illustrate this.
2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.
3.Here is one more example.
4.Take … for example.
5.The same is true of…
6.This offers a typical instance of…
7.We may quote a common example of…8.Just think of…
五、常用于引言段的句型
1.Some people think that … 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。
2.For years, … has been seen as …， but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。
3.I believe the title statement is valid because… 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…
4.I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe…
5.My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。
6.Along with the development of…， more and more…随着……的发展，越来越多…
7.There is a long-running debate as to whether…有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…
8.It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…它通常是认为…
9.As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。
10.Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。
英语作文万能句子一、用作动词
表示“介意”、“在乎”等，其后接动词时要用动名词；表示“注意”、“当心”等，其后接动词时要用不定式。如：
Do you mind helping us? 请你帮我们一下忙好吗?
I’m sure he wouldn’t mind your going with us. 我肯定他不会反对你同我们一起去。
There will be a meeting tonight. Mind not to be late. 今晚有会议, 注意别迟到。
二、用作名词
表示“脑子”、“心思”等，通常用作可数名词。如：
I’ve a good mind to go home. 我很想回家。
He has a mind for science. 他有学科学的头脑。
We are all of one mind on this subject. 在这个问题上我们大家意见一致。
注：在某些谚语或固定短语中，可能是不可数的。如：
Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不烦。
You must keep this in mind. 你必须记住这一点。
三、用于 Would [Do] you mind...?
1. 该句型意为“请你……好不好?”、“倘若……你见怪吗?”，用would 比用 do 更客气委婉，但通常不用 will；其后可接动名词(但不接不定式)或 if从句；接动名词时，根据情况可以带逻辑主语；接if 从句时，若句首用的是 Would，从句谓语通常要用过去式。比较：
我在这儿抽烟你介意吗?
正：Would [Do] you mind my smoking here?
正：Do you mind if I smoke here?
正：Would you mind if I smoked here?
2. 对该句型的回答与汉语的习惯不同，注意回答是针对 mind 而言的，即：
(1)表示不同意，可用：Yes, I do mind./Please don’t... / Better
not, please. / I’d rather you didn’t./I’m sorry, but... 等。
(2)表示同意，可用：Oh, no, please. / No, not at all./Not at all.
Certainly not. / Of course not. / No, go ahead. 等。
以上回答大部分语气都比较客气，但有的语气较生硬(如 Yes, I do mind)，要注意在具体语境中适当选用。
四、用于 make up one’s mind(决定，决心)：
I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor. 我决定当医生。
We made up our minds to spend our holiday in the country. 我们决定到乡下去度假。
初中英语语法大全辅导之动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法
【—辅导之动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法】关于动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法的知识，同学们认真学习。
动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法
动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法： 由一些及物动词派生而来，和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。 凡是译为“使…”的及物动词，其ed形式的形容词都译为“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容词都译为“令人(感到)…的”。以下带-ed形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对…感到…”。
及物动词, 后接人ed形式及常见短语ing形式
excite（使兴奋，使激动）
surprise（使惊讶，使吃惊）
amaze（使吃惊）
embarrass（使尴尬）
encourage(使受鼓舞, 鼓励)
frustrate（使失望，使沮丧）
interest（使感兴趣）
thrill（使激动/ 紧张）
terrify（使恐怖，使害怕）
please （使高兴，使满意）
satisfy (使满意)
frighten （使害怕，使惊惧）
tire（使厌烦）
中考英语语法考点出现频率较高知识点二
下面给大家带来的是一分重点归纳，其中包括常用的几个和不定式有关的句型 现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别，希望对大家有帮助。感兴趣的同学还可以看下：
6.常用的几个和不定式有关的句型：
Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事?
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多长时间。
It is/was +形容词+(for sb。) +to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎么样。
7. 介词后面一般接动名词。同学们要特别注意介词to和不定式符号to的区别，例如下面的词组一定要记清：
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做……不喜欢做……
look forward to doing sth. 期待/盼望做某事
make a contribution to doing sth. 为……做出贡献
8. 现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
A. 现在分词含有正在进行的意思，而过去分词含有被动或者已经完成的意思，如：
a developing country 发展中国家 a developed country 发达国家
boiling water 正在沸腾的水(一般情况下水温为100℃) boiled water 开水(已经烧开的水，水温可以依然很高，也可以是凉白开)
a boy named Jim 一个叫Jim的男孩
B. 有些动词的现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词特征，但是它们的意思有区别。它们的-ing形式往往用来说明事物的特征;他们的-ed形式表示被动的意思，用来说明人的情况。
I am interested in this interesting story. 我对这个有趣的故事感兴趣。
I am moved at the moving sight. 我被这动人的情景感动了。
They were amazed at the amazing facts. 他们对那些令人惊异的'事实感到惊奇。
下面是一些常见的固定表达，请同学们牢记：
和to do 连用的固定搭配
ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
be pleased /be glad to do sth。很高兴做某事
cant wait to do sth. 迫不及待地做某事
cant afford to do sth. 不能担负起干某事
decide to do sth. 决定做某事
do/try ones best to do sth。尽全力做某事
do nothing to do sth. 对……无能为力
deserve to do sth. 值得干某事
形容词/副词+enough to do sth. 足以做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
find + it + 形容词 +to do sth. 发现做某事……
get ready to do sth. 准备做某事
go on to do sth. 继续做某事
hope to do sth. 希望做某事
improve sth. to do sth. 改善/提高某物来干某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人干某事
Its better to do sth. 干某事比较好
Its time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了。
like to do sth. 喜欢做某事……
like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事
love to do sth. 爱做某事
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
make ones mind to do sth. 下决心做某事
make a list of five ways to do sth. 列出干某事的五种方式的清单
need to do sth. 需要做某事
plan to do sth. 计划干某事
prefer to do sth.+ rather than do sth. 喜欢……不喜欢……
refuse to do sth. 拒绝干某事
remember to do 记得要去做某事
The best time to do sth. is… 干某事的最佳时间是……
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
start/begin to do sth. 开始做某事
seem to do sth. 似乎要做某事
set ones mind to do sth. 一心要做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
too…to do sth. 太……以致于不能……
try to do sth. 努力/试着去做……
think it nessary for sb. to do sth. 认为某人有必要干某事
Theres no time to do sth. 没时间做某事
teach sb. (how) to do sth. 教某人干某事
used to do sth. 过去常常干某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
would love to do sth. 很愿意做某事
would like (sb。) to do sth. 想让某人做某事
want to do sth. 想做某事
和doing 连用的固定搭配
watch sb. doing sth. 观看某人正在做……
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
remember doing sth. 记得已做过某事
try doing sth. 努力/试着去做……
like doing sth. 喜欢做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事
go on doing sth. 继续做某事
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
be worth doing sth. 某事值得一做
carry on doing sth. 继续做某事
couldnt help doing sth. 忍不住做某事
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 feel sb. doing sth. 感觉某人正在做某事
finish doing sth. 完成某事
feel like doing sth. 想做某事
go hiking 远足
give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
have fun doing sth. 感到做某事很有乐趣
have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到了很多问题
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事
hate doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
It is +形容词 +doing sth. 做某事……
keep on doing sth. /keep doing sth. 持续做某事
mind doing sth. 介意做某事
make it possible by doing sth. 使做某事成为可能
prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事
practise doing sth. 练习做某事
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 宁愿做… …也不做… …
喜欢做……不喜欢做……
stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在干某事
There be sb./sth. doing sth. 某地有某人或某物正在做某事
Thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做了某事
take an active part in doing sth. 积极参加做某事
use sth. for doing sth. 用某物做某事 (be used to do sth。)
What about doing sth.? 做某事怎么样?
without doing sth. 没有干某事
work all night doing sth. 工作整晚做某事
比较级前可用冠词吗
比较级前通常不用冠词，但有时也用，这主要见于以下情形：
1. 当比较级后接名词时，比较级前可能用冠词，此时的冠词不是修饰比较级，而是修饰其后的名词。如：
This watch is too expensive. Would you show me a cheaper one? 这块表太贵了，你能给我看一个便宜一点的吗？
2. 当要特指两者中“较(更)…”时，比较级前通常要带定冠词，此时可视为比较级后省略了有关的名词或代词one，即定冠词实为修饰被省略的名词或代词one。如：
Of the two brothers, the younger is more clever. 在这两兄弟中，年轻的这个更。
3. 用于“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越…越…”。如：
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
The more a man has, the more he wants. 人越有越想要。
初中英语作文大全之My sweet home
【—之My sweet home】家，是我们最温馨的港湾，是我们希望的脚步。
My sweet home
Most people has a sweet home,so have I.I think my home is sweet because it is my best place to have rest or have fun with my friends or my parents.
I can remember clear.Once I came back home late because my teacher didnt want me leave until
I finished my work.At that time,the weather became
Colder and the wind became stronger.I was so hungry and cold at that time!I felt I cant take it any more,so I ran to my home quickly.When I got my home,I felt much more warmer and happiness than ever before!
Thats why I love my sweet home,Dont you think so ?
我爱我家，爱我的爸爸妈妈，我要努力，给他们希望和幸福。
初二英语作文：Live with thankfulness
Do you know Thanksgiving Day? Do you know why human thank God?
Thanksgiving falls on the fourth Thursday of November, a different date every year. The President must proclaim that date as the official celebration.
Thanksgiving is a time for tradition and sharing. Even if they live far away, family members gather for a reunion at the house of an older relative. All give thanks together for the good things that they have.
In this spirit of sharing, civic groups and charitable organizations offer a traditional meal to those in need, particularly the homeless. On most tables throughout the United States, foods eaten at the first thanksgiving have become traditional.
What should we thank?
The thankful great universe provides the environment of existence for us and give us sunlight, air, water and everything in keeping with we existence of space, bring storm to let us accept to toughen for us, bring to us mysterious let us look for.
The thankful parents give us the life, make us feel the merriment of the human life, feel the genuine feeling of the human life, feel the comity of the human life, feel happiness of the human life, also feel hardships and pain and sufferings of the human life!
The thankful teacher works with diligence and without fatigue everyday of teach, give us knowledge ability, put on the wing which flies toward the ideal for us.
The thankful classmate and friend grows up road of, let I no longer standing alone in the itinerary of life; The with gratitude is frustrated and let us become in a time the failure stronger.
英语作文万能句子The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题.
The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 .
This means that as 进一步说明.
We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节
图表细节一 . After 动词-ing ：细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) .
The figures also tell us that图表细节二 .
In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论).
The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). b或是 It is high time that we (发出倡议).
图画类写作模板
1.开头
Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...
2.衔接句 As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.结尾句 In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated..
英语作文万能句子11
1. It is important for everyone to learn English well in our rapidly developing world.
在这个迅速发展的世界里，对每个人来说，学好英语是非常重要的。
[额外成就感]
同样句型包括：It is important/(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for sb. to do sth.
例句：It is necessary to shake hands when you first meet someone.
与第一次见面的人握手是非常必要的。
2. The harder you work at it, the more progress you will make.
你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。
[额外成就感]
①The+比较级..., the+比较级...
②比较级+and+比较级(The world is getting smaller and smaller.)
3. If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.
如果每个人都为保护环境做出贡献，世界会变得更加美好。
[额外成就感]
类似的句型还有：If necessary…, they can…
4. The best way to remember new words is to practice them everyday.
记忆新单词最好的方法是每天操练这些单词。
5. The atmosphere in my family is fantastic
我的家庭气氛温馨和睦。
6. The reason why people choose to live in the city is that the life is more convenient and colorful.
人们为什么选择生活在城市的原因是因为城市的生活更方便、更多彩。
7. I had a great first impression of American people.
我对美国人民有了很好的第一印象。
8. We have lots of confidence in our ability to solve any problem.
我们对自己解决问题的能力有足够的信心。
9. With the rapid development of modern technology, the Internet has become a necessary part of our daily life and work.
随着现代科技的迅速发展，互联网已经成为生活和工作中必不可少的一部分。
10. You should read as many books as you possibly can.
大家应该尽可能的多读书。
11. China is becoming more and more prosperous because of the reform and “opening up” policy.
由于实施了改革开放政策，中国变得更加繁荣了。
12. We all need clean air to breathe; we all need clean water to drink; we all need green places to enjoy.
我们都需要呼吸清新的空气，我们都需要饮用洁净的水，我们都需要绿地来享受。
13. Lets work together to make our world a better place.
让我们一起努力把世界变得更加美好。
14. We should make full use of our time to do useful and productive things.
我们应该充分利用好时间去做有用的、富有成效的事。
15. We should get into the good habit of using our time wisely.
我们应该养成一个好习惯，明智地利用时间。
16. What I really want to know is whether he will go abroad next month?
我的确想知道的是，他是否会在下个月出国。
17. Television is harmful to developing minds.
电视不利于开发心智。
18. Children usually have far more potential than their parents had realized
孩子们都有很大的潜能，而父母却没有意识到这一点。
19. In the past 10 years, great changes have taken place in our school.
在过去的10年里，我们学校发生了巨大的变化。
20. People who spend more time with their families are usually healthier and happier.
那些花更多时间和家人在一起的人通常会更健康更幸福。
21. The job was hard, which made me so tired that I almost quit half way.
这份工作太辛苦，差点使我半途而废。
[额外成就感]
①直接使用：so… that…
例句：The job was so tired, boring and seemed endless that I almost quit half way.
这份工作太累、太无聊，而且没完没了，这使我差点半途而废。
高级句型挑战：
The job was hard, boring and seemed endless, which made me so tired that I almost quit half way.
这份工作太辛苦、太无聊，而且没完没了，这使我非常累，差点半途而废。
②能够增加句子层次的高级连词还有：
(Not only …but also…)、(Because…)、(because of…)、(As long as…)、(so long as…)
22. The Red Star Television Factory, which produces TV sets of quality, was set up in the 1980s.
生产高品质电视的红星电视机厂，始建于1980年。
23. The E-reading room, where we can send e-mails to all parts of the world, is open to both teachers and students.
我们可以向世界每个地方发电子邮件的电子阅览室，对老师和同学都同样开放。
